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US CDC 美國疾病控制及預防中心 Information
Summary: Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth’s crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing. Lead has many different uses. It is used in the production of batteries, ammunition, metal products (solder and pipes), and devices to shield X-rays. Because of health concerns, lead from gasoline, paints and ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder has been dramatically reduced in recent years.
世界衛生組織 WHO information
The disease and how it affects people
Lead is a metal with no known biological benefit to humans. Too much lead can damage various systems of the body including the nervous and reproductive systems and the kidneys, and it can cause high blood pressure and anemia. Lead accumulates in the bones and lead poisoning may be diagnosed from a blue line around the gums. Lead is especially harmful to the developing brains of fetuses and young children and to pregnant women. Lead interferes with the metabolism of calcium and Vitamin D. High blood lead levels in children can cause consequences which may be irreversible including learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and mental retardation. At very high levels, lead can cause convulsions, coma and death.
US EPA美國環保局 Information
How does lead get into my drinking water?
The major sources of lead in drinking water are corrosion of household plumbing systems; and erosion of natural deposits. Lead enters the water (“leaches”) through contact with the plumbing. Lead leaches into water through corrosion – a dissolving or wearing away of metal caused by a chemical reaction between water and your plumbing. Lead can leach into water from pipes, solder, fixtures and faucets (brass), and fittings. The amount of lead in your water also depends on the types and amounts of minerals in the water, how long the water stays in the pipes, the amount of wear in the pipes, the water’s acidity and its temperature.
衞生防護中心- 鉛 (2015 1月)
對人體的危害
鉛可以透過進食、呼吸或皮膚表面吸收而進入人體。在過量接觸及吸收下，鉛可對多個器官及身體功能造成影響。人體意外地接觸高濃度的鉛量，可導致急性中鉛毒，病徵包括腹痛及嘔吐。在長期接觸下，慢性中鉛毒可引致貧血、關節及肌肉痛、腦部及腎臟受損等。
兒童較成人易受鉛毒傷害，常見的病徵包括學習遲緩、行為異常及智力發展障礙。由於鉛可穿透胎盤而進入胎兒，孕婦需加倍注意。
如何減少接觸
- 避免接觸含鉛的產品。
- 由於部份油漆可能含有鉛的成份，家長應避免讓小童吞食或咀嚼油漆碎片或玩具及傢俬的漆面。
- 保持家居清潔，如家中發現油漆剝落，應盡早清理。並要經常為兒童洗手及洗臉，減少其身上可能含鉛的塵土。
- 如果家中的水喉已經殘舊，在飲用食水前 ( 特別是長時間沒有用水後，如一晚 ) ，應先沖洗一段時間，把有機會從水喉中剝落的鉛份沖走。
- 避免讓小童接觸可能含有鉛類的產品，如部分眼影 ( 例如阿拉伯、中東及南亞常用的眼影 surma 和 kohl) 及染髮劑。
中鉛毒的處理
血液測試可顯示中鉛毒的情況。如果血液的含鉛度遍高，便應作詳細的檢查及跟進，如有中鉛毒的徵狀，則需入院治療或接受螯合療法。
xx建築房屋工程一覽(2005-2015) from 香港膠登HKGalden
